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Article by Subramani

Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance is known as atrophy. It represents a form of adaptive response. When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size or becomes atrophic. Atrophy can be physiologic or pathologic. Physiologic atrophy is common during early development. Some embryonic structures, such as the notocord or thyroglossal duct, undergo atrophy during fetal development. The uterus decreases in size shortly after parturition and this is a form of physiologic atrophy. Pathologic atrophy depends on the basic cause and can be local or generalized. The common causes of atrophy are the following:

Decreased workload (atrophy of disuse): When a broken limb is immobilized in aplaster cast or when a patient is testricted to complete bed rest, skeletal muscle atrophy rapidly ensues. The initial rapid decrease in cell size is reversible when activity is resumed. With more prolonged disuse, skeletal muscle fibers decrease in number as well as in size and can be accompanied by increased bone resorption, leading to osteoporosis of disuse.

Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy): Normal function of skeletal muscle is dependent on its nerve supply damage to the nerves leads to rapid atrophy of the muscle fibers supplied by those nerves.

Diminished blood supply: A decrease in blood supply (ischemia) to a tissue as a result of arterial occulsive disease results in atrophy of tissue owing to progressive cell loss. In late elder life, the brain undergoes progressive atrophy presumably as atherosclerosis narrows its blood supply.

Inadequate utrition: profound protein calorie malnutrition is associated with the use of skeletal muscle as a source of energy after other reserves such as adipose stores have been depleted. This results in marked muscle wasting.

Loss of endocrine stimulation: Many endocrine glands the breast and the reproductive organs are dependent on endocrine stimulation for normal function. The loss of estrogen stimulation after the menopause results in physiologic atrophy of the endometrium.

Agine (senile atrophy): The aging process is associated with cell loss. Morphologically, it is seen in tissues containing permanent cells, particularly in the brain and heart.

Pressure: Tissue compression for any length of time can cause atrophy. An enlarging benign tumor can cause atrophy in the surrounding compressed tissues. Atrophy in this setting is probably the result of ischemic changes caused by a blood supply that has been compromised by the expanding mass.

The fundamental cellular changes are identical in all of these settings representing a retreat by the cell to a smaller size at which survival is still possible. Atrophy represents a reduction in structural components of the cell. In muscle the cells contain fewer mitocondria and myofilaments and a lesser amount of endoplasmic reticulum. By bringing into balance cell volume and lower levels of blood supply nutrition or triphic stimulation a new equlibrium is achieved. Although atrophic cells may have diminished function, they are not dead. Apoptosis or programmed cell death, however may be induced by the same signals that cause atrophy and thus may contribute to loss of organ mass. For example apoptosis contributes to the regression of endocrine organs after hormone withdrawal and the shrinkage of secretory glands after obstruction of their ducts.

The biochemical mechanisms responsible for atrophy are incompletely understood but are likely to affect the balance between protein synthesis and degradation. The regulation of protein degradation probably plays a key role in atrophy. Mammalian cells contain multiple proteolytic systems that serve distinct function Lysosomes contain acid hyrolases and other enzymes that degrade endocytosed proteins from the extracellular environment and the cell surface as well as some cellular components. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is responsible for the degradation of many cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Proteins degraded by this process are first conjugated to ubiquitin and then degraded within a large cytoplasmic proteolytic complex or proteasome. This pathway is thought to be responsible for the accelerated proteolysis in a variety of catabolic conditions, including cancer cachexia. Hormones, particularly glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone, stimulate proteasome mediated protein degradation; insulin opposes these actions. Additionally, cytokines, such as TNF-ά and IL-1β are capable of signaling accelerated muscle proteolysis by way of this mechanism.

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Related Embryonic And Fetal Development Articles

Article by Dr. Randy Wysong

While scientists are busy scurrying around trying to find genes that cause homosexuality, new chemotherapeutic agents to treat female cancer, new screening tests to detect prostate cancer early, throwing more money more in research, the answer likely lies right under our nose

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Sex hormones are important in the administration of a variety of biological activities, including gender development in early fetal life. through a series of molecular switches, hormones signal the development of either male or female structures is the relative amount of hormone female and male who would be giving as we have male or female

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Over the last few decades., research has shown that the kaleidoscope of synthetic chemicals and dirt that have been established in our environment are capable of mimicking the effects of these natural sex hormones.

there are now some 45 known pollutants cause changes in the reproductive system. Examples include pesticides and drugs, fungicides, insecticides, nematocides, PCB’s, styrene, combustion pollutants, a variety of metals, ingredients in plastic products break down the normal soap and other products for industrial and commercial chemicals

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now even purported estrogenic drug detectable levels in two Antarctic Penguin., 4-D is the largest selling broad leaf toxins in North America, with some 60 million pounds of its adaptation to the chemical used annually in the U.S. This compound is another estrogen mimicker .. array of different chemicals, many structurally distinct natural hormones, especially mimic female sex hormones, estrogen, therefore, impossible to determine by chemical analysis as a molecular mimic sex hormones sex until they are released into our environment and produce damage ..

Environment hormone

mimickers can only induce cancers of women and men – but at levels lower than required to produce cancer – may cause reproductive effects

Here are examples of this is to make pollution environment. in the biological world: eggshells of many birds are thinning result is that embryonic birds can be crushed by the mother, as has happened in the past due to DDT contamination

gulls have developed a grossly .. feminized areas of Reproductive and some girl called lesbian gulls gulls, nests share Gonads developed intersex characteristics -. tissue that was characterized as both ovaries and testicles men lost interest in mating with the development of feminized sex organs Reproduction in bald eagles are known .. tone when the PCB in their bodies, not to exceed 4 to 6 parts per million, or dde, a descendant of DDT exceeds 1 million for each part in the Great Lakes region, the eggs are to be found in PCB levels as high as 120 parts per million. .

In Florida, alligators are super female ratio of estrogen and testosterone twice as high as usual Some of tchlings all groups. show the vileness character at all. Men have what looks like the ovaries and genitalia are stunted, and the ovaries of women at the level of histological (tissue), it seems as though they were tired of anomalies are found in animals in Lake Apopka were traced to effluent from the Company’s Chemical Tower .. their medication, DICOFOL, is mass that looks like DDT spills but has an extra oxygen atom. into the lake is also laced with DDT and dde, even though these chemicals have been banned before remember., although the United States could ban domestic sales of some chemicals, that does not prevent manufacturers from producing for export (not values ​​admirable, have point.).

trout exposed to industrial effluent and 500 to 100,000-fold increase in tel logenin, biomarker for exposure to estrogenic pollutants.

Sturgeon pallid, endangered fish native to Missouri and Mississippi rivers, just does not reproduce again clearly some gonads and male and female

Ethynylestradiol is the main estrogenic compound. tablets in women who take birth pill excrete a compound in their urine, then passes through the water treatment plants and the environment .. fertility rate as a tablet to produce the distribution of potable water is at levels below the detection limits, however., these compounds are exerting biological effects on wildlife in the stream

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Breakdown products of alkyl phenols polyethoxylates, class of surfactants used in various soaps and even in medicine, cosmetics and pesticides, and the ability to directly activate estrogen receptors these compounds bioaccumulate in body tissues, especially fat tissue Some £ 360 million of these surfactants are sold in the U.S. each year.

Even electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated by .. power lines, household appliances and wiring demasculinize men mature EMF abnormalities in mice include the development of abnormal testes and prostate gland .. The researchers remark that the reproductive system of mice is “built like a Sherman tank.” Surely, then, as it is affected by electric fields, man may become even more involved.

sixty-seven percent of male Florida panthers, endangered species and animals only about 30 to 50 still live, and undescended testicles only 14% of men. This situation was only 10 years earlier when normal men are sperm cells produce abnormal and deformed .. Some men were estrogen and testosterone ratio that was inverted, after more estrogen than testosterone rather than vice versa.

Environmental estrogenic pollutants are particularly dangerous for males since the male reproductive system is more sensitive to the effects of estrogen than other organ systems.

Even if adult animals may appear normal, they may be reproductively does not work some. animal species, though it appears healthy now, it may be in effect is not

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ubiquitous nature of feminizing hormones in our environment effectively bathes us in a sea full of items estrogenic effects of this exposure is only. beginning to understand we are breathing in our air, our eating fruit, and absorbing it through our skin; .. children get into the blood and milk from their mothers

Many countries now see the rapid rise in testicular cancer, more than tripling over 50 years also, sperm count in men has fallen nearly 50%., as documented in the study of some 15,000 people between 1940 and 1990

Rate of cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) increased by almost double in the years 1950 to 1970 [We are so clever .. First, we spread the bodies of our children and pollution causing feminizing testicular their not to be dropped, and then we cleverly implant silicone prosthetic testicles in the scrotum to appear normal then., Silicone can cause discomfort autoimmune cause erythematosus debilitating lupus (vol. 8 , No 2 ).]

Other conditions, hypospadias, where the urinary tract is not well formed in the fetus, twice between the years 1964 and 1982

Early exposure to pollutants can damage the feminizing hormone in Sertoli cell These cells testicles directly to the drop in test development and control the development of sperm and secretion of male hormones responsible for masculinization Sertoli cells are particularly sensitive to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), but estrogenic pollution prevention Exogenous FSH … reproductive disorders in people’s normal experience is similar to problems experienced by male children of women who, during pregnancy, get treatment and diethylstilbestrol (DES), potent synthetic estrogen.The huge range of estrogenic substances in our environment makes be difficult to determine exposure and a person. Although tuwekwe limit on each of estrogenic compounds, so its effects are additive. If only someone were to take a tenth of the supposedly safe dose of 10 different compounds, the toxic effect would be additive. Our cry to rid our environment of objects cancer (cancer-causing), we have ignored estrogenic effects remarkably., threshold levels for the compounds to produce reproductive and sexual aberrations are often lower than those necessary to produce cancer

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If estrogenic compounds are able to convert almost all reproductive tissues in the body, such as disrupting hormonal balance, so that they also affect the sexual behavior of the power increase in sexual crimes and homosexuality was at least partly the result of our swimming pool? increasingly concentrated in a sea of ​​estrogens

What First?, taking seriously the dangers of synthetic chemicals and impurities in our food and environment. Do not reduce the risk or worry about being picayunish? . It is possible that you simply can not be careful enough. Also, do your part to reduced industrial consumption and reduce waste. For the reduction we need to reduce the odds of pollution.

interests that are phytoestrogens found in whole grains such as rye, including legumes such as soy – although estrogenic – likely to be able to compete against the filth of environmental estrogens They are antagonistic effects estrogenic and apparently not exert negative effects of estrogenic effects. pollution

Since estrogenic compounds are fat soluble, more of oil, most likely the major reservoir of these pollutants. This is yet another reason to maintain a healthy weight ..

ubiquitous nature of synthetic estrogenic compounds and their potential adverse effects are major and insidious threat to life on Earth and the ability to change what is in our hands.

must restore our natural environment as we want. enjoy healthy and leave the world livable for our children.

About the Author

Dr. Wysong: A doctor and former veterinary surgeon, college instructor, inventor, research director of the company by name and founder of the philanthropic Wysong Institute http://www.wysong.net also. check out http://www. cerealwysong.com